Cognitive performance may be impaired by MIFE as well as by side effects of AED therapy (Ferro & Speechley, 2009 F. MIFE is a debilitating illness where individuals lose their independence, causing profound behavioral, psychological, social, financial, and legal issues (Ferro & Speechley, 2009 F.

The burden of MIFE, however, is much greater than heavy financial costs. Eighty percent of these costs are incurred by patients whose seizures are not adequately controlled by AEDs (Begley et al., 2000).

The direct cost of assessing and treating patients with medically intractable focal epilepsy (MIFE) ranges from $3 to $4 billion annually ($16 billion in direct and indirect costs) in the United States (Murray, Halpern, & Leppik, 1996). That is, seizures continue to occur despite treatment with a maximally tolerated dose of at least two antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs). Epilepsy affects over 50 million people worldwide, and over 30% of all individuals with epilepsy have intractable seizures, which cannot completely be controlled by medical therapy (Berg, 2009 Berg & Kelly, 2006 Kwan & Brodie, 2000).

These findings suggest that network analytics and a network systems perspective of epilepsy may be useful in assisting clinicians in more accurately localizing the EZ.Д®pilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders, characterized by chronically recurrent seizures resulting from excessive electrical discharges from groups of neurons (Brodie et al., 1997). Our algorithm had higher agreement with EZ regions identified by clinicians for patients with successful surgical outcomes and less agreement for patients with failed outcomes. The algorithm was tested in a retrospective study that included 42 patients from four epilepsy centers. This network algorithm analyzes the centrality signatures of every contact electrode within the recording network and characterizes contacts into susceptible EZ based on the centrality trends over time. We developed a localization algorithm that uses network-based data analytics to process invasive EEG recordings. Such variable and unfavorable outcomes associated with high morbidity rates are often caused by imprecise and/or inaccurate EZ localization. Consequently, despite relatively large brain regions being removed, surgical success rates barely reach 60вЂ“65%. Even with the use of invasive recordings, the clinical differentiation between the EZ and normal brain areas can be quite challenging, mainly in patients without MRI detectable lesions. allergy) and time constraints.Treatment of medically intractable focal epilepsy (MIFE) by surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) is often effective provided the EZ can be reliably identified. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's and referrer's preference, institutional protocols, patient factors (e.g. Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. mesial temporal sclerosis and malformation of cortical development).В MRI is the imaging modality of choice for epilepsy investigation, especially 3 tesla MRI. MRI protocol for epilepsy is a group of MRI sequencesВ put together to improve sensitivity and specificity in identifying possible structural abnormalities that underlie seizure disorders (e.g.

Epilepsy grid mapping protocol